labeling theory
Summary
Labeling theory says deviance comes from society's reaction to an act, not from the act itself. A label can be internalized and may lead to further deviance (secondary deviance, per Lemert). It is a symbolic interactionist view, tied to Becker.
Detail
Meaning: Labeling theory holds that deviance is defined by society's reaction, not by the act itself. When others apply a deviant label to a person, the person may internalize it and act accordingly. Lemert distinguished primary deviance, the initial and often minor rule-breaking that may not change self-image, from secondary deviance, further deviance that follows once the person has taken on the label. Becker is the name usually tied to the theory. It fits symbolic interactionism, since meaning arises from social interaction.
On the MCAT: A passage may describe a student branded a troublemaker who then misbehaves more, or two groups committing the same act with only one of them labeled. Expect to name the theory, separate primary from secondary deviance, or link it to self-fulfilling prophecy and stigma.
Common confusion: Do not mix it up with differential association (deviance learned through close contact with others who model it) or strain theory (deviance arising from a gap between cultural goals and available means). Labeling theory explains how the reaction shapes later behavior and identity, not why the first act occurred.
Sources
- Introduction to Sociology
- Sociology: A Brief Introduction
Written for the MCAT and checked before it was published. For study reference only. Spotted an error? Let us know.