socialization

Meaning: Socialization is the process by which people learn and internalize the norms, values, language, and roles of their society. It begins in childhood and continues across the lifespan. Primary socialization happens in early childhood, mostly in the family. Secondary socialization happens later in settings such as school and work, and teaches behavior suited to particular groups. Anticipatory socialization is preparing for a future role, and resocialization replaces old norms with new ones, as in the military or a prison.

On the MCAT: A passage describes a child, a new employee, or a recent immigrant, and the question asks which agent of socialization is acting (family, peers, school, mass media, religion, workplace) or whether the learning is primary or secondary. Gender roles are a frequent example, since children pick up gender norms from parents, peers, and media. The idea also links to self-development, such as Mead's stages of imitation, play, and game, and the generalized other.

Common confusion: Socialization is not limited to deliberate teaching. Much of it is informal, through observation and imitation of peers and media. It is also distinct from acculturation, which is adapting to a different culture after contact with it.