sociological theories

Meaning: A sociological theory is a lens for explaining why society is organized as it is. Functionalism (Durkheim, Parsons) treats society as interdependent institutions, each serving a function that promotes stability. Manifest functions are intended and recognized; latent functions are unintended. Conflict theory (Marx) says groups compete for scarce resources and power, so social order reflects dominance and inequality, and change comes from tension. Symbolic interactionism (Mead, Blumer) says people build shared meanings through language, gestures, and symbols in face-to-face interaction. Functionalism and conflict theory are macro-level (large structures); symbolic interactionism is micro-level (individual interactions). Other frameworks the exam names include social constructionism (reality is shaped by shared beliefs), rational choice or exchange theory (people weigh costs and benefits), feminist theory (gender inequality), and Goffman's dramaturgical approach (people manage impressions like actors).

On the MCAT: A passage describes an institution such as education, religion, or health care, and asks which theory a statement reflects. Schools preparing students for social roles is functionalist. Schools reinforcing class advantage is conflict theory. Teacher labels shaping a student's self-concept is symbolic interactionism.

Common confusion: Functionalism explains why a structure persists, not whether it is fair. Conflict theory is about unequal power, not necessarily violence. The same institution can be read through all three, so pick the theory from the key words: stability and function, power and inequality, or meaning and symbols.